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儿童肥胖症日趋成为当前社会关注的一个公共健康问题，其发病率呈逐年上升趋势。肥胖症可以引发2型糖尿病、高血压、高脂血症、高尿酸血症等一系列代谢紊乱性疾病。遗传因素是肥胖发生的主要因素之一，约占儿童肥胖症病因的40%~70%。与肥胖相关的基因发生变异可影响调节食欲和饱腹感的神经回路、胰岛素分泌和作用、脂肪细胞的分化和脂质代谢等多个环节。目前全基因组关联研究已确定至少1 100多个肥胖易感基因位点，其中最常见的有瘦素、瘦素受体及黑素皮质素受体4基因。该文对遗传因素与儿童肥胖的相关性及可能机制进行阐述，以期为临床治疗提供有效的依据。

Childhood obesity is an escalating public health concern，with its prevalence rising year by year.This condition can lead to a series of metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus，hypertension，hyperlipidemia，and hyperuricemia.While various factors contribute to obesity，genetics plays a significant role，accounting for 40% to 70% of childhood obesity cases.Most of the identified loci harbor genes are involved in pathways affecting neuro-circuits that regulate appetite and satiety，insulin secretion and action，adipogenesis，and lipid metabolism.To date，using genome-wide association studies，over 1 100 obesity susceptibility loci have been identified，with notable examples being leptin，leptin receptor，and melanocortin-4 receptor gene.In this review，the correlation between genetic factors and childhood obesity and the possible mechanisms are elaborated to provide potential directions for its clinical management.