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鞘磷脂磷酸二酯酶3（SMPD3）编码的中性鞘磷脂酶2（nSMase2）作为调节细胞生长变异、诱导细胞凋亡的重要信使分子神经酰胺的关键酶，在肿瘤的发生发展中发挥重要作用。一方面常见的表观遗传学改变SMPD3甲基化通过调控细胞增殖、分化及凋亡等过程使基因表达紊乱介导癌症发生，同时SMPD3还通过其水解产物诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡与生长周期停滞。另一方面，SMPD3还与外泌体分泌、炎症反应及肿瘤细胞增殖等促癌过程密切相关。主要对SMPD3在肿瘤疾病中生物学作用的研究进展进行综述，以期加强对SMPD3在不同肿瘤发生发展中扮演角色的认识，为肿瘤疾病的基础研究与临床诊疗提供更广阔的思路。

Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 3 (SMPD3) encodes neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2), which plays an important role in tumor development as a key enzyme regulating cell growth variation and inducing apoptosis with the important messenger molecule ceramide. On one hand, the common epigenetic alteration of SMPD3 methylation mediates carcinogenesis through the disruption of gene expression by regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Meanwhile, SMPD3 also induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in tumor cells through its hydrolysis products. On the other hand, SMPD3 is also closely related to pro-cancer processes such as exosome secretion, inflammatory response, and tumor cell proliferation. In this paper, the biological action of SMPD3 in tumor diseases was reviewed to enhance the understanding of the role of SMPD3 in the development of different tumors and provide broader ideas for basic research and clinical diagnosis and treatment of tumor diseases.