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Objective:To investigate the effect of allicin on the formation of kidney stones in rats by regulating the expression of osteopontin(OPN)and nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)signaling pathway.Methods:A total of 50 healthy adult male SD rats with SPF grade were selected and divided into five groups by random number and computer random combination,with 10 rats in each group.Except the blank group,the other four groups were given 2 mL/d mixed solution of 1%ethylene glycol+2%ammonium chloride to construct the nephrolith model.During the modeling process,the blank group and the model group were given normal saline by gavage.The positive group was given 600 mg/(kg·d)of potassium sodium hydrogen citrate granules by gavage,the low-dose group was given 7.5 mg/(kg·d)of allicin by gavage,and the high-dose group was given 15 mg/(kg·d)of allicin by gavage.After administration,renal function,urine related indicators,calcium oxalate crystallization score,OPN protein expression and NF-κB signaling pathway-related protein expression were observed and compared among the five groups of rats.Results:There were significant differences in kidney index,urea nitrogen(BUN)and blood creatinine(Cr)levels among the five groups(P<0.05).There were no differences in kidney index,BUN and Cr levels between the high-dose group and the positive group(P>0.05),and were all lower than those in the model group and low-dose group(P<0.05).There were significant differences in the levels of oxalic acid(OA),calcium(Ca),magnesium(Mg),and phosphorus(P)in the urine of five groups of rats(P<0.05).The high-dose group showed no difference in the levels of OA,Ca,Mg,and P compared to the positive control group(P>0.05),and all were lower than the model group and low-dose group(P<0.05).There were significant differences in the scores of calcium oxalate crystallization and the expression of OPN protein in the five groups(P<0.05).There was no difference in the scores of calcium oxalate crystallization between the high-dose group and the positive group(P>0.05).The expression of OPN protein was higher than that in the positive group(P<0.05),and both were lower than that in the model group and low-dose group(P<0.05).There were significant differences in the expression levels of NF-κB inhibitory protein-α(IκB-α)and NF-κB in five groups(P<0.05),and the expression levels of IκB-α and NF-κB in the high-dose group were lower than those in the model group,positive control group,and low-dose group(P<0.05).Conclusion:Allicin may inhibit the formation of kidney stones in rats by down-regulating the expression levels of OPN and NF-κB signaling pathway-related proteins,and a high dose of allicin can obtain a similar effect of kidney stones inhibition as that of potassium sodium hydrogen citrate granules.