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机器人手术平台的快速发展和经肛微创手术技术理念的实践，推动着直肠肿瘤外科向经自然腔道手术时代不断迈进。机器人经肛手术是经肛微创技术发展到一定阶段后的必然产物，未来可能将对直肠肿瘤的手术方式和治疗模式带来极大的变革和突破。本文回顾了经肛直肠肿瘤手术发展的历程，细数从经肛内镜微创手术、经肛微创手术到经肛全直肠系膜切除术的发展历程，尤其是这些技术理念如何与机器人手术平台相结合衍生出的机器人经肛直肠手术，总结机器人经肛直肠手术的探索和发展过程，并展望未来机器人经肛直肠手术发展趋势。

The rapid advancement of robotic surgical platforms and the implementation of transanal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS) concepts are propelling colorectal oncology into the era of natural orifice surgery. Robotic transanal surgery represents an evolution of TAMIS, promising to significantly transform the surgical approaches and treatment paradigms for rectal tumors. This review traces the development of surgical interventions for rectal tumors through the natural orifice, detailing the progression from transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM), through TAMIS, to robotic transanal total mesorectal excision (rTME). It specifically addresses how these innovations have been integrated with robotic platforms to enhance surgical outcomes. This paper summarizes the journey of exploration and advancement in robotic transanal rectal surgery, reflecting on its past achievements and contemplating future directions and potential breakthroughs in the field.