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食管癌是威胁人类健康的常见疾病之一，具有很高的发病率和病死率，主要组织学类型为鳞状细胞癌和腺癌，二者均有独特的病理生理改变、主要危险因素、流行病学特点以及形态学改变。多数患者在首诊时已为局部进展期，新辅助联合手术治疗已成为这些患者的标准治疗方式。新辅助治疗后，手术切除标本中残存肿瘤细胞与预后相关，病理医师需要认识食管癌新辅助治疗后的组织病理学改变并对肿瘤退缩程度进行全面规范的评估，以提供有价值的预后信息，指导进一步的治疗。

Esophageal cancer is one of the common diseases that threaten human health, with high morbidity and mortality. The main histological types are squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, both of which have unique pathophysiological changes, major risk factors, epidemiological characteristics and morphological changes. Most patients are locally advanced at the first visit, and neoadjuvant combined surgery has become the standard treatment for these patients. After neoadjuvant therapy, residual tumor cells in surgical resection specimens are related to prognosis. Pathologists need to understand the histopathological changes of esophageal cancer after neoadjuvant therapy and conduct a comprehensive and standardized evaluation of the degree of tumor regression to provide valuable prognostic information and guide further treatment.