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目的:研究纳米氧化铟锡（Nano-ITO）致大鼠肺损伤模型中的动态病理学特征，指导临床和基础科研进一步探索肺间质损伤和肺泡蛋白沉积症（PAP）的机制。方法:建立大鼠非暴露式气管灌注染毒Nano-ITO模型，进行剂量反应（1.2、3、6 mg·kg -1·bw -1）和时间效应（3、7、14、28、56、84 d）研究，分析支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中炎症因子和氧化应激指标水平，HE、PAS、Masson、油红O、天狼星红染色观察肺组织病理形态的改变，透射电镜观察肺组织细胞超微结构，免疫组化测定IL-1β、HO-1、SP-A蛋白变化，免疫荧光检测α-SMA蛋白表达情况，PAS染色BALF细胞蜡块切片。 结果:气管内灌注Nano-ITO，通过在暴露后第3天诱发急性炎症、第14天诱发肉芽肿（结节）形成和胶原增生、第56天诱发PAP和脂滴积累引起肺毒性。肺组织病理学特征包括典型的肺泡内渗出物、纤维细胞性结节、肺泡脂肪滴融合变大、胆固醇结晶肉芽肿和肺泡蛋白沉积症。Nano-ITO暴露第84天组大鼠肺组织的透射电镜发现，肺泡内嗜酸性物质（多层、格子状和髓鞘样结构）显示异常的板层体（肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞的特征）和丰富的粗面内质网和线粒体（成纤维细胞的特征）。细胞病理学光镜观察可见，Nano-ITO暴露28 d后，BALF中出现大量无定形 PAS 染色阳性物质，肺泡巨噬细胞内可见粉红色颗粒蛋白样物质。结论:急性炎症、肉芽肿（结节）形成和胶原增生、肺泡蛋白沉积是Nano-ITO诱导大鼠肺损伤过程中的3个特征性发展阶段，为铟肺病的致病机理研究提供了可参考的特征模型。

Objective:To study the dynamic pathological characteristics of lung tissue in a Nano-ITO induced rat model of indium lung disease and to guide clinical and basic scientific research to further explore the mechanisms of pulmonary interstitial injury and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP).Methods:Dose-response (three divided doses) and time-course studies (six exposure periods) were performed to investigate the pulmonary toxicity induced by Nano-ITO. At the end of the experiment, cytokine levels and oxidative stress were analyzed in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Rat lung tissues were also collected for staining with H&E, PAS, Masson′s, Oil Red O, and Sirius Red. Ultrastructure of lung tissue cells was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Expression of IL-1β, HO-1, SP-A was observed by immunohistochemistry, and the expression of α-SMA was observed by immunofluorescence.Results:Nano-ITO intratracheal instillation caused pulmonary toxicity by inducing acute inflammation at 3 days, granuloma (nodule) formation and collagen hyperplasia at 14 days, and alveolar proteinosis at 56 days post-exposure. Pathological features of lung tissue included typical alveolar exudates, cellular fibrous nodules, enlarged alveolar fat droplet fusion, cholesterol crystal granuloma and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. The intra-alveolar eosinophilic material (multilamellated, lattice-shaped, and myelin-like structure) showed abnormal lamellar bodies (features of alveolar type Ⅱ epithelial cells) and abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria (features of fibroblasts) on transmission electron microscopy of the lung tissue from rats exposed to Nano-ITO on the 84th day. Cellular pathology revealed that a large amount of amorphous PAS stain-positive substances appear in BALF at 28 days post-exposure, and pink granular protein-like substances can be seen in alveolar macrophages.Conclusions:There are three characteristic developmental stages in Nano-ITO induced pulmonary injury in rats, acute inflammation, granuloma (nodule) formation and collagen proliferation, and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, which provide a reference feature model for the pathogenesis of indium lung disease.