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认知障碍性疾病是指能影响个体思维、记忆、学习和理解能力的疾病，常见的认知障碍性疾病包括AD、血管性认知障碍、帕金森病、癫痫等。研究发现上述疾病的发病机制可能和神经可塑性（特别是突触可塑性、神经递质变化、神经营养因子等）、神经炎症、脑血流动力学、脑电节律等相关，但其治疗目前尚未有突破。低强度经颅超声刺激（LITUS）是一种新兴的非侵入性治疗方法，通过低强度超声波刺激脑部特定区域，调节神经元活动，对认知障碍性疾病有较好的疗效，但具体机制目前尚不清楚。本文围绕LITUS对突触可塑性、神经递质释放、神经营养因子水平、神经炎症反应、脑血流动力学调控、脑电节律调控方面的研究进行综述，旨在为认知障碍性疾病治疗提供新思路。

Cognitive disorders refer to diseases that affect an individual's thinking, memory, learning, and understanding abilities. Common cognitive disorders include Alzheimer's disease, vascular cognitive impairment, Parkinson's disease, and epilepsy. The pathogenesis of these diseases may involve neuroplasticity (especially synaptic plasticity, neurotransmitters changes, and neurotrophic factor levels), neuroinflammation, cerebral hemodynamics, and brain electrical rhythms; however, treatments have not yet made significant breakthroughs. Low-intensity transcranial ultrasound stimulation (LITUS) is an emerging non-invasive therapeutic approach that improves cognitive function by stimulating specific brain regions with low-intensity ultrasound waves, thereby regulating neuronal activity. While LITUS has shown promising efficacy in treating cognitive disorders, its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This paper focuses on the relation of LITUS with synaptic plasticity, neurotransmitter release, neurotrophic factor regulation, neuroinflammatory response, cerebral hemodynamic regulation, and cerebral electrical rhythm regulation, aiming to provide new ideas for treatment of cognitive disorders.