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单分子免疫检测技术是一种可在纳米尺度上对单个生物分子进行分辨与检测的超灵敏免疫分析方法。本文重点介绍单分子免疫检测技术的多种代表方法和临床应用，并讨论单分子免疫检测技术目前存在的问题和发展方向。随着技术层面与商业化层面的多重优化，单分子免疫检测技术在实时检测、疾病诊疗和医学研究等领域显现出独特的应用优势，将推动个体化检测的精准医学理念走向临床实践。

Single-molecule immunoassay technology represents an ultrasensitive immunoassay method that enables the resolution and detection of individual biomolecules at the nanoscale. This article highlights various representative techniques and clinical applications of single-molecule immunoassay technology, while also discussing the current challenges and future development directions. Through multiple optimizations at both the technical and commercial levels, single-molecule immunoassay technology exhibits unique advantages in real-time detection, disease diagnosis and treatment, and medical research. This technology is poised to contribute to the advancement of precision medicine by integrating individualized detection methods into clinical practice.