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mRNA疫苗技术在过去几年中取得了显著进展，尤其是新型冠状病毒感染疫情推动了mRNA疫苗的大规模应用。Moderna和辉瑞/BioNTech的疫苗成为全球抗疫的核心工具，验证了mRNA平台的快速设计、生产和强效免疫反应的潜力，展示了其快速反应和高效保护的独特优势。同时，mRNA技术仍然面临稳定性、靶向递送等挑战，未来的研究将致力于提高mRNA的稳定性和安全性，并扩展其应用范围至更多传染病和癌症治疗。本文对mRNA疫苗的技术平台分类、疫苗设计、递送系统的开发、mRNA疫苗的发展和应用等方面进行综述，以期增进专业人员的认知，加快国内对于该技术在疫苗研发与应用的布局。

mRNA vaccine technology has made significant progress in recent years, especially with the large-scale application driven by the COVID-19 pandemic. Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech vaccines have become central tools in the global fight against the virus, demonstrating the potential of the mRNA platform for rapid design, production, and strong immune responses. These vaccines showcase the unique advantages of rapid response and effective protection. At the same time, mRNA technology still faces challenges, such as stability and targeted delivery. Future research will focus on improving the stability and safety of mRNA vaccine and expanding its application to more infectious diseases and cancer treatments. This article reviews platforms of mRNA vaccine, vaccine design, development of delivery system, and the application of mRNA vaccines, in order to enhance the understanding of professionals and accelerate the layout of this technology in vaccine research and application in China.