Abstract： Beijing Municipal Archives has collected a large number of medical and health archives during the Republic of China,This article collects the case files about the counterfeit of patent medicine,explores this phenomenon and its causes and social influence from three perspectives:the counterfeiters,victims and administrators.and the article comes to a conclusion that during this period,the quality of personnel involved in pharmaceutical counterfeiting was generally low,the counterfeiting methods were various,and also accompanied by a certain degree of feudal superstition propaganda.The medicine administration in the Republic of China belongs to the power of the police.The police have relatively strict management over the sale of counterfeit medicines,and some members of the general public also exhibited the awareness of legal protection,which is due to the establishment of relevant laws and regulations.