Abstract： Objective:To explore the effect of smoking on the sleep quality of military pilots.Methods:A questionnaire survey was conducted among military pilots who underwent a modified physical examination in Air Force Medical Center. The pilots were divided into smoking group and non-smoking group according to whether they smoked or not, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to assess their sleep quality. The difference in sleep quality was compared between 2 groups.Results:A total of 665 questionnaires were issued, of which 627 were valid, with an effective rate of 94.29%. There were 291 pilots in smoking group and 336 in non-smoking group. The average sleep time of 627 military pilots was (7.58±0.70) h, and the average PSQI score was (2.93±0.09) points. The PSQI score of the smoking group was (3.28±0.14) points, and the PSQI score of the non-smoking group was (2.63±0.10) points, and the difference between 2 groups was significant ( Z=-3.17, P=0.002). Among the factors of the PSQI scale, there were significant differences in sleep onset time, sleep time, sleep efficiency, sleep disorder and daytime dysfunction between the smoking group and the non-smoking group ( Z=-5.85, -2.47, -1.98, -2.18, -1.98, P<0.001,=0.014, 0.049, 0.029, 0.049), and there was no statistically significance in sleep quality and hypnotic drugs intake ( Z=-1.65, -0.94, P=0.098, 0.347). Conclusions:Smoking can affect the sleep quality of military pilots, and it is necessary to actively carry out propaganda and education to persuade pilots away from smoking and maintain physical health.