Abstract： Kidneys are vital organs for water and salt balance as well as volume equilibrium in the body,a crucial excretion path for most drugs.Exploring renal physiology and exposure levels of drugs in the kidney is important in new drug development.Various mathematical models,including compartment models,physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models,and quantitative systems pharmacology(QSP)models,have been used based on renal physiology to predict drug concentration and distribution in the kidney.This paper introduced the construction process and specific applications of three types of mathematical models in predicting drug levels in the kidney,providing insights for predicting renal drug concentration and distribution.It also provided reference for drug-induced renal toxicity prediction,exploration of drug mechanisms targeting the kidney,and rational use of nephrotoxic drugs.