Abstract： Pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is a rare type of malignant neuroendocrine tumor with poor prognosis, with the median overall survival being around one year in advanced diseases. The prognosis of patients with non-small cell lung cancer has been greatly improved with the application of molecular detecting techniques, targeted therapy and immunotherapy. However, little progress has been made in the diagnosis and treatment of LCNEC with no unified standard of diagnosis and treatment protocol. The clinical molecular diagnosis and treatment of LCNEC is of great significance. Exploring the research progress related to the diagnosis and treatment of LCNEC can provide reference for improving the existing clinical diagnosis and treatment difficulties of LCNEC.