[目的]解析甘蓝型油菜种子硫代葡萄糖苷性状的重要遗传位点及候选基因,为甘蓝型油菜硫苷基因克隆和品种品质改良奠定基础.[方法]以甘蓝型油菜KN DH群体种子为材料,对在4个种植环境的种子硫苷含量进行QTL定位和候选基因分析.[结果](1)甘蓝型油菜种子硫苷含量变异系数较高且较为稳定,服从数量性状的遗传特点.(2)7 个一致性 QTL(cqGC.A9-5、cqGC.A9-7、cqGC.A9-9、cqGC.C2-9、cqGC.C2-10、cqGC.C9-5 和 cqGC.C9-6)为环境稳定表达 QTL,包括 3 个主效 QTLcqGC.A9-5、cqGC.C2-10 和 cqGC.C9-5).(3)在主效 QTL cqGC.A9-5 和 cqGC.C9-5 鉴定到 3 个候选基因(BnaA09g05480D、BnaC09g05620D 和 BnaC09g05810D),主要涉及硫苷生物合成途径中吲哚-3-乙醛肟、3-烷基-苹果酸的合成及硫苷的转运与分配.[结论]甘蓝型油菜种子硫苷含量为数量性状.3个甘蓝型油菜硫苷含量主效QTL被鉴定到,其置信区间候选基因的拟南芥同源基因参与硫苷合成途径中间产物合成及促进硫苷的转运与分配.

本实验室前期以东乡普通野生稻和日本晴为亲本创制了强耐盐染色体片段置换系CSSL91,本研究将其与日本晴和强耐盐种质Pokkati比较,结果显示CSSL91耐盐性与Pokkali相当.以CSSL91与日本晴构建的F2∶3群体为试验材料,日本晴和CSSL91为对照,以耐盐等级和幼苗存活率为指标.结果表明2个指标均成正态分布,QTL连锁定位分析共检测到5个耐盐相关QTL,分别分布于第4、9、10号染色体上,LOD值介于2.95～3.97,表型贡献率为9.83％～18.48％;其中耐盐等级QTL-qST4的表型贡献率最高,其定位在第4号染色体DX-C4-1～DX-S4-16标记间.分离群体分组分析法(BSA,bulked segregation analysis)分析检测到第4号染色体0～5.0 Mb区间有一个超过阈值的QTL,该区间与QTL-qST4重合,QTL连锁分析方法和BSA方法均在第4号染色体的0～5.0 Mb区间定位到耐盐等级QTL,说明QTL-qST4是可靠的耐盐位点;耐盐等级QTL-qST4-1和幼苗存活率QTL-qSSR4均定位在第4号染色体DX-C4-12和DX-C4-13标记间,LOD值分别为3.36和3.92,表型贡献率分别为13.97％和9.49％;在第9号、10号染色体还定位到两个耐盐等级QTL-qST9和QTL-qST10;其中QTL-qST4-1、QTL-qSSR4和QTL-qST10是本研究新定位的耐盐性QTL.本研究结果将为水稻耐盐性相关基因克隆和分子标记辅助改良水稻品种的耐盐性奠定基础.

研究对前期建立的青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)家系高密度遗传连锁图谱及体长QTL的定位结果进行深入分析,在10号连锁群上识别到与体长相关的QTL区域,存在2个与体长强烈相关的紧密连锁SNP位点.研究利用特异性标记判定青鱼遗传性别,对SNP位点侧翼序列PCR扩增子进行sanger测序.得到准确的SNP位点基因型信息后,研究对紧密连锁SNP位点不同基因型与邗江青鱼群体生长性状进行了细致的关联分析.结果表明,在563尾邗江青鱼群体中,雌鱼290尾,雄鱼273尾,雌雄比约为1.06:1.遗传分析显示,SNP7957G＞C和SNP9802T＞A有效等位基因数(Ne)分别为1.754和1.399,观测杂合度(Ho)分别为0.384和0.266,期望杂合度(He)分别为0.430和0.285,多态信息含量分别(PIC)为0.508和0.378.相比雄鱼,雌鱼生长速度更快,但是变异系数更高,说明雌鱼生长性状离散程度更大.SNP7957G＞C和SNP9802T＞A不同基因型在群体体长性状中存在显著差异.SNP7957G＞C位点的GG基因型在雄鱼体长性状中具有显著优势(P＜0.05),SNP7957G＞C和SNP9802T＞A单标记其他基因型与生长性状之间存在差异,但未达到统计学差异.在SNP位点不同基因型构建的二倍型中,雌雄个体表现出一定的生长差异,D8(GGTA)在生长方面具有显著优势(P＜0.05),具有一定育种价值.研究结果可为选育快速生长青鱼新品种提供分子标记,为未来青鱼遗传改良和分子标记辅助育种策略提供科学依据.

籽粒性状直接影响水稻的产量和品质,因此,解析水稻籽粒性状的遗传机制对提高水稻产量和品质至关重要.本研究以籽粒性状差异较大的稽稻和广百香占为亲本构建定位群体,利用水稻1K mGPS SNP芯片对定位群体进行基因分型,构建了包含770个Bin标记的高密度遗传图谱,通过QTL定位分析,最终鉴定出17个调控籽粒性状的QTLs,其中粒长QTL4个,粒宽QTL3个,粒厚QTL3个,长宽比QTL2个,千粒重QTL5个,LOD值介于2.55～42.44之间,表型贡献率介于4.73％～29.63％之间.在这17个QTLs中,9个为已知粒型基因位点,8个可能是新鉴定位点,分别为粒长qGL6,粒宽qGW5、qGW10和qGW12,粒厚qGT10,长宽比qGLWR5-2,千粒重qTGW10和qTGW11.根据新发现粒宽QTL(qGW5)定位区间内的基因注释、与拟南芥的同源基因比对、时空表达分析、激素响应分析和序列分析,最终筛选到1个编码CCCH类锌指蛋白的调控水稻粒宽的候选基因Os05g0195101.本研究为进一步开展水稻籽粒性状基因的克隆和遗传调控的解析奠定了基础.

开花时间是被子植物生活史中的关键节点.十字花科植物拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)广布于世界各地,在海拔4 000 m以上的青藏高原也发现了该物种的自然居群,高原独特的环境塑造了其生活史的独特表型,在开花时间上表现为中等程度早花.该研究构建了西藏拟南芥Lhasa居群的F2代作图群体,基于全基因组测序的QTL-seq定位分析,在该居群中定位到主效基因FLC,并且鉴定到其第1个内含子中存在2 307 bp的缺失,这种单倍型只存在于西藏拟南芥居群.利用CRISPR-Cas9技术构建了Lhasa背景的flc-/-突变体,表现为开花时间显著提前.研究结果表明,西藏拟南芥开花时间改变的主要原因是FLC第1个内含子缺失,该变异并未使其丧失全部功能,这可能有利于西藏拟南芥适应青藏高原独特的气候环境.

Soybean is a photoperiod-sensitive short-day crop whose reproductive period and yield are markedly affected by day-length changes.Seed weight is one of the key traits determining the soybean yield;how-ever,the prominent genes that control the final seed weight of soybean and the mechanisms underlying the photoperiod's effect on this trait remain poorly understood.In this study,we identify SW19 as a major locus controlling soybean seed weight by QTL mapping and determine Dt1,an orthologous gene of Arabidopsis TFL1 that is known to govern the soybean growth habit,as the causal gene of the SW19 locus.We showed that Dt1 is highly expressed in developing seeds and regulates photoperiod-dependent seed weight in soybean.Further analyses revealed that the Dt1 protein physically interacts with the sucrose transporter GmSWEET10a to negatively regulate the import of sucrose from seed coat to the embryo,thus modulating seed weight under long days.However,Dt1 does not function in seed development under short days due to its very low expression.Importantly,we discovered a novel natural allelic variant of Dt1(H4 haplotype)that decouples its pleiotropic effects on seed size and growth habit;i.e.,this variant remains functional in seed development but fails to regulate the stem growth habit of soybean.Collectively,our findings provide new insights into how soybean seed development responds to photoperiod at different latitudes,offering an ideal genetic component for improving soybean's yield by manipulating its seed weight and growth habit.

Constructing inbred lines for self-incompatible species and species with long generation times is chal-lenging,making the use of F1 outcross/segregating populations the main strategy for genetic studies of such species.However,there is a lack of dedicated algorithms/tools for rapid quantitative trait locus(QTL)mapping using the F1 populations.To this end,we have designed and developed an algorithm/tool called OcBSA specifically for QTL mapping of F1 populations.OcBSA transforms the four-haplotype inher-itance problem from the two heterozygous diploid parents of the F1 population into the two-haplotype in-heritance problem common in current genetic studies by removing the two haplotypes from the heterozy-gous parent that do not contribute to phenotype segregation in the F1 population.Testing of OcBSA on 1800 simulated F1 populations demonstrated its advantages over other currently available tools in terms of sensitivity and accuracy.In addition,the broad applicability of OcBSA was validated by QTL mapping using seven reported F1 populations of apple,pear,peach,citrus,grape,tea,and rice.We also used OcBSA to map the QTL for flower color in a newly constructed F1 population of potato generated in this study.The OcBSA mapping result was verified by the insertion or deletion markers to be consistent with a previ-ously reported locus harboring the ANTHOCYANIN 2 gene,which regulates potato flower color.Taken together,these results highlight the power and broad utility of OcBSA for QTL mapping using F1 populations and thus a great potential for functional gene mining in outcrossing species.For ease of use,we have developed both Windows and Linux versions of OcBSA,which are freely available at:https://gitee.com/Bioinformaticslab/OcBSA.

[目的]葡萄是重要的经济作物之一,香气是构成葡萄果实品质的重要组分之一.葡萄香气复杂,由包括萜烯类化合物、挥发性脂肪族化合物、芳香族化合物、吡嗪类化合物以及含硫化合物等多种化合物构成,同时受多因素影响.遗传是影响其香气分布的主要因素,选育不同香气类型的葡萄品种是目前重要的育种目标之一,因此分析葡萄香气物质遗传模式是实现育种目标的基础.[评论]文章在综述葡萄香气测定方法的基础上,对葡萄果实香气性状遗传规律、香气性状的QTL定位研究进行归纳与分析.[展望]以期为解析葡萄香气遗传规律奠定理论支撑,为葡萄香气性状定向育种提供参考.

水稻(Oryza sativa)穗部性状与产量直接相关,其相关基因的挖掘与功能解析对于保障国家粮食安全意义重大.以籼稻华占(HZ)和粳稻热研2号(Nekken2)及构建的120个重组自交系(RILs)为实验材料,测定了穗长、每穗粒数、结实率、柱头外露率及一次枝梗数等穗部性状.结合高密度分子遗传图谱进行QTL定位,结果共检测到31个QTLs,分别位于第1、2、3、4、5、6、10和11号染色体上,其中2个位点的LOD值分别高达5.45与5.28.通过分析筛选QTL区间内可能影响穗部性状的相关基因,并利用qRT-PCR进行基因表达检测,发现LOC_Os05g05490、LOC_Os05g06150、LOC_Os03g11700、LOC_Os03g12430、LOC_Os05g28720、LOC_Os05g30890、LOC_Os05g31740和LOC_Os02g17880在双亲间的表达水平差异显著.其中,前5个基因编码三角状五肽重复蛋白,而后3个基因编码糖基转移酶.研究挖掘到31个与穗部性状相关的QTLs,为进一步定位和克隆相关基因,从而选育高产水稻新品种奠定理论基础.

The indispensable role of nitrogen fertilizer in ensuring world food security together with the severe threats it poses to the ecosystem makes the usage of nitrogen fertilizer a major challenge for sustainable agricul-ture.Genetic improvement of crops with high nitrogen-use efficiency(NUE)is one of the most feasible so-lutions for tackling this challenge.In the last two decades,extensive efforts toward dissecting the variation of NUE-related traits and the underlying genetic basis in different germplasms have been made,and a se-ries of achievements have been obtained in crops,especially in rice.Here,we summarize the approaches used for genetic dissection of NUE and the functions of the causal genes in modulating NUE as well as their applications in NUE improvement in rice.Strategies for exploring the variants controlling NUE and breeding future crops with"less-input-more-output"for sustainable agriculture are also proposed.