范畴化是人类语言的基本特征之一.原型范畴理论作为认知语言学的重要组成部分,可用于对中医典籍中的术语进行范畴化分类,解决术语标准化建设中翻译缺乏系统性的难题.中医典籍中的病证术语承载着中医的独特文化内涵,体现了人们对疾病的认知概念.《金匮要略》作为中医四大经典之一,有着较高的学术研究价值.本文以《金匮要略》中的代表性中医病证术语"痹"证、"饮"证和"疟"病为例,在原型范畴理论的指导下分析了三个典型英译本的翻译策略,推荐首先建立病证名的原型范畴词,在此基础上确定次范畴词,构建系统的翻译模式,使中医病证术语的翻译形成相对稳定的译文体系,并为中医术语英译标准化研究提供理论支持,为中医翻译研究发展作出贡献.

目的:比较尿毒症脑病（uremic encephalopathy，UE）患者与尿毒症患者的临床特点，以明确尿毒症脑病患者的独立危险因素。方法:回顾性分析广州医科大学附属第二医院2014年1月至2019年1月期间入院的符合慢性肾病（chronic kidney disease，CKD）5期诊断标准的患者，其中所有符合尿毒症脑病诊断标准者为尿毒症脑病组，以性别、年龄、发病时长相匹配为原则，选取与尿毒症脑病组的同一期间住院的主要诊断为CKD 5期的非尿毒症脑病患者为非尿毒症脑病组。采用 t检验和卡方检验比较两组患者的临床基线资料、化验与影像学结果；采用Logistic回归分析尿毒症脑病的独立危险因素。 结果:共收集尿毒症脑病组患者70例，非尿毒症脑病组患者70例。尿毒症脑病组患者中存在饮酒史、慢性阻塞性肺疾病和多囊肾病史的比例均较非尿毒症脑病组高（ P<0.05）。两组患者在高血压病、糖尿病、冠心病方面比较，差异均无统计学意义（ P>0.05）；尿毒症脑病组患者中头颅CT或MRI结果显示存在脑软化灶或白质病变的比例均较非尿毒症脑病组高，差异有统计学意义（ P<0.05）。尿毒症脑病组中血中性粒/淋巴细胞比值（NLR）与尿酸（UA）均高于非尿毒症脑病组（ P<0.05），而血血红蛋白（ALB）与游离T3（FT3）水平均低于非尿毒症脑病组（ P<0.05）。Logistic回归模型分析显示，血NLR、FT3和ALB水平是尿毒症脑病患者的独立危险因素。 结论:头颅影像中常出现的脑软化灶和脑白质病变是尿毒症脑病患者区别于CKD 5期未发生脑病患者的变化特点。NLR、FT3和ALB水平是尿毒症脑病患者的独立危险因素。

目的:观察"脑肠同调"法针刺治疗缺血性脑卒中的临床疗效,探讨其作用机制.方法:将 82 例缺血性脑卒中患者随机分为观察组(41 例,脱落 3 例、中止 2 例)和对照组(41 例,脱落 4 例、剔除 2 例).两组均采用常规基础治疗,观察组予"脑肠同调"法针刺治疗,穴取患侧顶颞前斜线,中脘、关元,双侧天枢、足三里、上巨虚、下巨虚;对照组予常规针刺,穴取百会、印堂,双侧风池、足三里,患侧合谷、肩髃、曲池、外关、伏兔、三阴交、太冲.均每次30 min,每日1次,每周治疗5 d,共治疗4周.比较两组患者治疗前后Fugl-Meyer运动功能评定量表(FMA)、Berg平衡量表(BBS)、改良Barthel指数(MBI)评分及胃肠症状积分;检测两组患者治疗前后中性粒细胞计数(NUE)及血清N末端B型利钠肽原(NT-proBNP)含量;采用16S rRNA基因测序检测两组患者治疗前后肠道菌群组成结构及相对丰度;ELISA法检测两组患者治疗前后血清脂肪酸结合蛋白(iFABP)、D-乳酸(D-LA)、脂多糖(LPS)、脂多糖结合蛋白(LBP)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)含量.结果:治疗后,两组患者FMA、BBS、MBI评分均较治疗前升高(P＜0.05),胃肠症状积分较治疗前降低(P＜0.05);观察组 FMA、BBS、MBI 评分高于对照组(P＜0.05),胃肠症状积分低于对照组(P＜0.05).治疗后,两组患者NEU及血清NT-proBNP含量较治疗前降低(P＜0.05);观察组血清NT-proBNP含量低于对照组(P＜0.05).治疗后,两组患者Chao1 指数、Ace指数、Sobs指数、Shannon指数较治疗前升高(P＜0.05),且观察组高于对照组(P＜0.05);两组患者拟杆菌科、肠杆菌科、颤螺菌科、链球菌科、梭菌科相对丰度较治疗前降低(P＜0.05),且观察组低于对照组(P＜0.05).治疗后,两组患者毛螺菌科、瘤胃球菌科、双歧杆菌科、红蝽菌科相对丰度较治疗前升高(P＜0.05),且观察组高于对照组(P＜0.05).治疗后,两组患者血清iFABP、D-LA、LPS、LBP、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6 含量较治疗前降低(P＜0.05),且观察组低于对照组(P＜0.05).结论:"脑肠同调"法针刺可改善缺血性脑卒中患者运动功能、胃肠道功能,可能与调节肠道菌群组成结构,减轻炎性反应,促进肠道屏障修复有关.

Rice production accounts for approximately half of the freshwater resources utilized in agriculture,result-ing in greenhouse gas emissions such as methane(CH4)from flooded paddy fields.To address this chal-lenge,environmentally friendly and cost-effective water-saving techniques have become widely adopted in rice cultivation.However,the implementation of water-saving treatments(WSTs)in paddy-field rice has been associated with a substantial yield loss of up to 50％as well as a reduction in nitrogen use efficiency(NUE).In this study,we discovered that the target of rapamycin(TOR)signaling pathway is compromised in rice under WST.Polysome profiling-coupled transcriptome sequencing(polysome-seq)analysis unveiled a substantial reduction in global translation in response to WST associated with the downregulation of TOR activity.Molecular,biochemical,and genetic analyses revealed new insights into the impact of the positive TOR-S6K-RPS6 and negative TOR-MAF1 modules on translation repression under WST.Intriguingly,ammonium exhibited a greater ability to alleviate growth constraints under WST by enhancing TOR signaling,which simultaneously promoted uptake and utilization of ammonium and nitrogen allocation.We further demonstrated that TOR modulates the ammonium transporter AMT1;1 as well as the amino acid permease APP1 and dipeptide transporter NPF7.3 at the translational level through the 5'untranslated region.Collectively,these findings reveal that enhancing TOR signaling could mitigate rice yield penalty due to WST by regulating the processes involved in protein synthesis and NUE.Our study will contribute to the breeding of new rice varieties with increased water and fertilizer utilization efficiency.

The indispensable role of nitrogen fertilizer in ensuring world food security together with the severe threats it poses to the ecosystem makes the usage of nitrogen fertilizer a major challenge for sustainable agricul-ture.Genetic improvement of crops with high nitrogen-use efficiency(NUE)is one of the most feasible so-lutions for tackling this challenge.In the last two decades,extensive efforts toward dissecting the variation of NUE-related traits and the underlying genetic basis in different germplasms have been made,and a se-ries of achievements have been obtained in crops,especially in rice.Here,we summarize the approaches used for genetic dissection of NUE and the functions of the causal genes in modulating NUE as well as their applications in NUE improvement in rice.Strategies for exploring the variants controlling NUE and breeding future crops with"less-input-more-output"for sustainable agriculture are also proposed.

Nitrogen(N)deficiency causes early leaf senescence,resulting in accelerated whole-plant maturation and severely reduced crop yield.However,the molecular mechanisms underlying N-deficiency-induced early leaf senescence remain unclear,even in the model species Arabidopsis thaliana.In this study,we identified Growth,Development and Splicing 1(GDS1),a previously reported transcription factor,as a new regulator of nitrate(NO3-)signaling by a yeast-one-hybrid screen using a NO3 enhancer fragment from the promoter of NRT2.1.We showed that GDS1 promotes NO3-signaling,absorption and assimilation by affecting the expression of multiple NO3-regulatory genes,including Nitrate Regulatory Gene2(NRG2).Interestingly,we observed that gds1 mutants show early leaf senescence as well as reduced NO3 content and N uptake under N-deficient conditions.Further analyses indicated that GDS1 binds to the promoters of several senescence-related genes,including Phytochrome-Interacting Transcription Factors 4 and 5(PIF4 and PIF5)and represses their expression.Interestingly,we found that N deficiency decreases GDS1 protein accumulation,and GDS1 could interact with Anaphase Promoting Complex Subunit 10(APC10).Genetic and biochemical experiments demonstrated that Anaphase Promoting Complex or Cyclosome(APC/C)promotes the ubiquitination and degradation of GDS1 under N deficiency,resulting in loss of PIF4 and PIF5 repression and consequent early leaf senescence.Furthermore,we discovered that overexpression of GDS1 could delay leaf senescence and improve seed yield and N-use efficiency(NUE)in Arabidopsis.In summary,our study uncovers a molecular framework illustrating a new mechanism underlying low-N-induced early leaf senescence and provides potential targets for genetic improvement of crop varieties with increased yield and NUE.

Crop yield plays a critical role in global food security.For optimal plant growth and maximal crop yields,nutrients must be balanced.However,the potential significance of balanced nitrogen-iron(N-Fe)for improving crop yield and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)has not previously been addressed.Here,we show that balanced N-Fe sufficiency significantly increases tiller number and boosts yield and NUE in rice and wheat.NIN-like protein 4(OsNLP4)plays a pivotal role in maintaining the N-Fe balance by coordi-nately regulating the expression of multiple genes involved in N and Fe metabolism and signaling.OsNLP4 also suppresses OsD3 expression and strigolactone(SL)signaling,thereby promoting tillering.Balanced N-Fe sufficiency promotes the nuclear localization of OsNLP4 by reducing H2O2 levels,reinforcing the func-tions of OsNLP4.Interestingly,we found that OsNLP4 upregulates the expression of a set of H2O2-scav-enging genes to promote its own accumulation in the nucleus.Furthermore,we demonstrated that foliar spraying of balanced N-Fe fertilizer at the tillering stage can effectively increase tiller number,yield,and NUE of both rice and wheat in the field.Collectively,these findings reveal the previously unrecognized ef-fects of N-Fe balance on grain yield and NUE as well as the molecular mechanism by which the OsNLP4-OsD3 module integrates N-Fe nutrient signals to downregulate SL signaling and thereby promote rice tillering.Our study sheds light on how N-Fe nutrient signals modulate rice tillering and provide potential innovative approaches that improve crop yield with reduced N fertilizer input for benefitting sustainable agriculture worldwide.

Nitrogen(N)is an essential macronutrient for plants and profoundly affects crop yields and qualities.Ammonium(NH4+)and nitrate(NO3-)are major inorganic N forms absorbed by plants from the surrounding environments.Intriguingly,NH4+ is usually toxic to plants when it serves as the sole or dominant N source.It is thus important for plants to coordinate the utilization of NH4+ and the alleviation of NH4+ toxicity.To fully decipher the molecular mechanisms underlying how plants minimize NH4+ toxicity may broadly benefit agricultural practice.In the current minireview,we attempt to discuss recent discoveries in the strategies for mitigating NH4+ toxicity in plants,which may provide potential sol-utions for improving the nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)and stress adaptions in crops.

以大麦(Hordeum vulgare)原始品种‘花30’作为对照,经诱变结合小孢子氮胁迫培养获得的2份氮素利用率差异显著的纯合突变体A1-97和A1-57为供试材料,利用盆钵种植方法,研究其在低氮条件下不同时期氮代谢关键基因的表达.结果表明:低氮水平下,原始品种和氮素利用率较高的突变体A1-97中HvAS1基因的相对表达量在各时期均显著增加,而氮素利用率较低的突变体A1-57中均显著降低;相比正常供氮,氮素利用率不同的突变体与原始品种中HvGSl 1基因的相对表达量在低氮水平下都显著增加.原始品种和突变体中基因相对表达量和不同时期的相关性分析结果表明,HvAS1基因的表达模式在苗期、灌浆期和成熟期3个时期之间均具有显著相关性.因此,在低氮条件下,HvAS1和HvGSl 1基因可能与突变体材料的氮素利用率差异有关,其中HvAS1在苗期即可进行分析.

目的 探讨HER-2/nue蛋白和表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)在胃癌组织中的表达,并探讨其与胃癌病理及预后的相关性.方法 选取2013年1月至2016年10月间湖北省松滋市人民医院收治的73例行胃癌切除术的胃癌患者为观察组,另选取同期70例胃黏膜组织正常者为对照组,采用免疫组织化学法检测HER-2nue蛋白和EGFR蛋白在两组受试者组织标本中的表达,分析两种蛋白的表达水平与临床病理的相关性.结果 HER-2/nue蛋白和EGFR在胃癌组织中的阳性表达率分别为22(30.1％)和29(39.7％),而两者在胃黏膜正常组织中的表达率均为0.0％,差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).HER-2/nue蛋白和EGFR表达与患者性别、年龄、肿瘤部位、直径及分化程度无相关性(P＞0.05),与浸润深度、有无淋巴结转移、远处转移及临床TNM分期有相关性(P＜0.05).HER-2/nue蛋白与EGFR表达阳性患者的中位生存时间分别为10.1个月和11.0个月,HER-2/nue蛋白与EGFR表达阴性患者的中位生存时间分别为64.5个月和65.2个月,两者中位生存时间比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P ＜0.05).结论 HER-2/nue蛋白和EGFR在胃癌组织中的表达可作为胃癌诊断评估的重要参考指标.