印度是位于南亚次大陆的议会共和制国家，其医疗保健工作由州政府负责，拥有世界上最庞大的"免费医疗"服务体系。印度传统医学历史悠久，阿育吠陀(Ayurveda)、自然疗法(Naturopathy)、瑜伽(Yoga)等为其主要代表。公元前2世纪，中医药随宗教交流及贸易活动传入印度并被印度人民熟悉。针灸在印度已取得独立合法地位，其国内拥有多家针灸诊所和针灸协会，但针灸应用仍缺乏系统的行业标准，除针灸外中医药其他疗法在印度尚缺乏发展空间。

《鲍威尔写本》是19世纪在新疆地区出土的梵文文书，其中常用的10种性味甘甜的配伍药物被称为“十甜药（jīvanīya）”。参考印度阿育吠陀经典古籍和现代阿育吠陀药典，研究发现：十甜药味甘、性凉，主要用于滋补、缓和过盛的风。该药存在酥油剂、油剂、灌肠剂、外敷膏药等多种剂型。《鲍威尔写本》医学卷中，该组合可用于治疗肺相关的消耗性疾病、癫痫、儿童的虚劳和发热。《鲍威尔写本》对十甜药的应用，源于阿育吠陀经典理论。再与中医理论进行对比发现，十甜药治肺虚的理念与《素问》论“风消”的理念相符。由此可见，印度传统医学与中医的理论，存在很多共性，如均以甜味药滋补，以甘草、川贝母为治肺病常用药。

阿育吠陀起源于公元前3000年前后，是印度等南亚国家传统医学的主体。印度学界将阿育吠陀按照不同历史发展阶段分为吠陀时代、本集时代、汇编时代、近现代4个不同历史时段。吠陀时代包含阿育吠陀内容的文献有《吠陀本集》《梵书》《罗摩衍那》《摩诃婆罗多》等；在本集时代，《阇罗迦本集》《妙闻本集》《八支心要本集》“三大医典”问世，标志着阿育吠陀已发展为成熟的医学体系；在汇编时代《摩陀婆症候论》《莎朗加达拉本集》《有光》问世，被称为“三小医典”，此时还有大量注释前代经典的文献涌现，阿育吠陀不断完善；近现代以来，阿育吠陀经典著作作为文化遗产被整理、编撰和翻译，并受到全世界的关注。虽然中国学者对阿育吠陀的研究日渐增多，但尚缺乏系统地翻译和深入地研究。通过介绍阿育吠陀相关文献，为中国传统医药界开展阿育吠陀文献研究奠定基础。

华佗名方漆叶青黏散有“久服去三虫，利五藏，轻体，使人头不白”之功效，是体现中医去虫养生观的代表方。围绕方中主要发挥去虫功效的“漆叶”一味药，基于文献记载对中医、藏医、阿育吠陀医学中相关的药物进行研究，并探索漆药“去虫”作用背后中印传统医学“去虫”观。发现阿育吠陀医学中的肉托果一味药从名称到功效都可与“漆叶”关联，为“漆叶”名物考证提供了新线索。进一步对比中医和阿育吠陀医学中“虫”的概念及“去虫”的认识，发现因虫致病是中印传统医学的共有观念。中医吸收佛家、道家相关概念，形成了具有丰富内涵的“去虫”学说，其中“去虫养生”是中医服食养生的独特思路。

中医药、古希腊医学、阿育吠陀和阿拉伯医学被认定为世界四大传统医学.梳理了四大传统医学的教育培训体系.对比发现:中医药重点关注师承关系,理论与实践结合;古希腊医学以强大的理论研究与实验观察为主要特点;阿育吠陀高度重视文化认同为主要特点;阿拉伯医学则高度重视文化交流与实践推广.建议推动中医药教育创新发展,强化实践教学,提升教学质量,加强国际交流与合作,提高国外公众接受度.

Whole-person care and holistic care approach has been proposed for complementary and integrative health care for type 2 diabetes mellitus.However,some doubts still exist on the feasibility of replicating processes followed in clinical trials and observational studies in real-world settings.This narrative liter-ature review summarized and assessed existing clinical evidence(clinical trials,observational studies,and case reports)describing holistic and integrated care approach in adult and adolescent individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus in clinical practice.The goal was to highlight existing evidence for imple-mentation and outcomes of whole-medical systems and holistic integrated care approach for type 2 dia-betes mellitus.A nonsystematic literature search was performed on Google Scholar,PubMed,Web of Science,ProQuest and ScienceDirect to identify clinical evidence from different parts of the world,eval-uating the use of whole-medical systems and/or holistic care interventions in clinical practice for man-agement of type 2 diabetes mellitus.Relevant keywords were used in the search.Data were analyzed using content analysis and simple descriptive statistics(percentages).Most of the studies(64% )were mainly conducted in Eastern countries(India,China and Israel)while 36% of the studies were conducted in the Western countries(USA,Netherlands,Canada and Mexico).Lifestyle medicine and integrated naturopathy were shown to be the commonly used whole-medical systems for type 2 diabetes mellitus management.Significant improvements in type 2 diabetes parameters,medication use,other symptoms,and overall feeling of wellness were observed in all studies.This review study revealed limited utilization and/or documentation of whole-medical systems or holistic care treatments for type 2 diabetes mellitus in regions of the world other than eastern countries.Lifestyle medicine,naturopathy,yoga,Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine were shown to be effective for type 2 diabetes mellitus,either as an alter-native or as a complementary therapy.

阿育吠陀是印度有代表性的传统医学,近年其国际化及标准化发展迅速,与中医药学的交集日益增多,但是国内相关研究很少.通过分析印度政府、世界卫生组织(WHO)和国际标准化组织(ISO)相关文件,从与WHO合作、被其他国家认可、政府间国际平台推广及国际研究教育合作方面分析阿育吠陀在国际社会的推广应用情况,并从标准发布机构入手分析其国内标准化情况,同时与中医药在WHO和ISO国际标准化情况进行比较,为中医药学的相关领域发展提供参考与借鉴.

Achyranthes bidentata and Achyranthes aspera are saponin and steroid rich medicinal plants, used extensively for therapeutic treatments in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and Ayurveda. A. bidentata is reported to be one of the rare and extensively exploited medicinal plant species that face the issue of being endangered. Finding qualitative substitute with identical phyto-constituents contributing to similar composition and pharmacological benefits wil help in reducing the burden of exploitation of the natural habitats of such plants. In the present study, a comparative metabolite analysis of the whole drug and specific tissues isolated by laser micro-dissection (LMD) was carried out for both the selected species, by use of ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF MS). The results of the study indicate that the cortex and the medullary ray tissues are rich in their content of steroidal and saponin con-stituents such as (25S)-inokosterone-20,22-acetonide, ginsenoside Ro, bidentatoside II and achyranthoside B. Metabolite profiling of the whole tissues of both the species indicates presence of identical constituents. Thus, it is inferred that A. bidentata and A. aspera can be used as qualitative substitutes for each other.

Objective:To assess the knowledge,attitude,perception and practice of Ayurveda,yoga,Unani,Siddha,homeopathy and naturopathy (AYUSH) among allopathic doctors and interns and determine their opinion regarding integration of AYUSH education within the allopathic curriculum.Methods:This prospective,cross sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care teaching Hospital,New Delhi,India,from March 2016 to March 2017.A survey ofS00 allopathic doctors and 150 interns was performed using a structured questionnaire.Results:A majority of doctors (95.2％) were aware of the term AYUSH and had knowledge of yoga (70.6％),homeopathy (55.6％),Ayurveda (50.3％),Siddha (47.8％),naturopathy (32.9％) and Unani (28.9％).Most of the participants (63.0％) felt that therapies under AYUSH are effective.A majority (84.0％) of the doctors were of the view that more research is required in the field of AYUSH.While homeopathy (44.0％) was the most common system used by doctors for themselves,yoga was the therapy most commonly (60.0％) recommended to patients.Nearly half of the doctors (46.7％) recommended AYUSH to their patients,mainly for chronic illness (74.0％).A majority (77.5％) of the respondents agreed that students of allopathic medicine should be familiarized with AYUSH.The modes of incorporation of AYUSH into the medical curriculum most commonly suggested by respondents were optional courses (54.5％) and introductory lectures (42.3％).Conclusion:Doctors and interns of allopathic medicine are aware of AYUSH systems.They use it for themselves and recommend it to patients.They believe that familiarization of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery students with AYUSH therapies and their integration with allopathic medicine may help in improving patient care.

The traditional medicine differs from country to country and region to region and is dependent on indigenous cultural practices. Since one decade there is a growing demand of natural products as potential preventive and therapeutic agents all over the world.Many international agencies especially WHO recognized Ayurveda, Unani, siddha as a part of integrated system of medicine to achieve health for all. Despite WHO recognition acceptance of Ayurveda has been limited mainly due to:i) Lack of scientific validation in current acceptable terms;ii) A general inadequacy of Good Manu-facturing Practices;iii)Non availability of safety profile at pre-clinical and clinical levels;iv)In-adequate documentation of true extent of toxicity;iv)Contamination of herbal products.Therefore,validating ther-apeutic claims of traditional preparation and evaluation of safety profile has become important not only for global acceptance but for compliance to National and International regulatory guidelines. Our efforts at Centre for Advanced Research for Preclinical Toxicology(PCT),Food and Drug Toxi-cology Research Centre (FDTRC), National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), Hyderabad a premier research organization of ICMR has undertaken safety and efficacy evaluations of various traditional formulations by applying the modern approaches. Anti-inflammatory evaluation of Rasna panchaka:The study plan was initiated in consultation with qualified Ayurvedic physician and after confirming the potential benefits in a limited clinical trial. This was followed by experimental evaluation using in vitro anti-oxidant activity,ex-plant culture system,in situ mimicking model (rat paw edema and granuloma pouch).The experimental study results have substantiated the anti-inflammatory activity as reported and near matching to clinical observations. i. Anti-atherosclerotic potentials with traditional herbs and nutraceuticals-PHF:The study was designed based on the traditional literature and other modern scientific documents.The modern tools include ethano-botanical validation, in vitro (molecular techniques), in silico,in vivo (advanced techniques) systems have been utilized to confirm the anti-atherosclerotic property of the poly herbal formulation(PHF). ii. The role of Terminalia arjuna as a cardiotonic in various Ayurvedic formulations is well docu-mented.We have evaluated the potential health benefits of Arjuna Ksheera Paka(AKP). iii. Occimum sanctum (O. sanctum) a known herb in every household as Tulasi. There is a belief and a traditional literature mentioning that it has immunomodulatory and carminative property.The investi-gations carried out in vitro (Th1/Th2 cytokines) and in vivo (myelosuppressed mice model) demonstrated potential immunomodulatory action. The validation of herbal plant Cocculus hirsutus,Cuscuta reflexa, Tinospora cordifolia&Achyranthus aspera as immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory agents is under progress. In India,many national and international laboratories are working in the areas of natural medicines. The clarity and regulatory systems still needs to be identified between natural medicine and traditional system of practices.The Act of Ayurvedic,Siddha and Unani(ASU)drugs is regulated under the provi-sions of Drugs and Cosmetics Act,1940 and the Drugs and Cosmetics Rules,1945 made there under. Rule 158-B is for the manufacture of products.In addition,the rules required proof of effectiveness for Ayurvedic, Siddha and Unani drugs under Section 3(a) of the Act are under the process of revision to make it mandatory. The studies were carried out with traditional system of medicine in India requires strategic collabo-rations with innovative initiatives.