All plants including cotton host a wide range of microorganisms as endophytes.There is a growing appreciation of the prevalence,ecological significance and management potential of facultative fungal endophytes in protecting plants from pests,pathogens and environmental stressors.Hemipteran sucking bugs have emerged as major pests across the U.S.cotton belt,reducing yields directly by feeding on developing reproductive structures and indirectly by vectoring plant pathogens.We used no-choice and simultaneous choice assays to examine the host selection behavior of western tarnished plant bugs (Lygus hesperus) and southern green stink bugs (Nezara viridula) in response to developing flower buds and fruits from cotton plants colonized by 1 of 2 candidate beneficial fungal endophytes,Phialemonium inflatum or Beauveria bassiana.Both insect species exhibited strong negative responses to flower buds (L.hesperus) and fruits (N.viridula) from plants that had been colonized by candidate endophytic fungi relative to control plants under both no-choice and choice conditions.Behavioral responses of both species indicated that the insects were deterred prior to contact with plant tissues from endophyte-colonized plants,suggesting a putative role for volatile compounds in mediating the negative response.Our results highlight the role of fungal endophytes as plant mutualists that can have positive effects on plant resistance to pests.

随着《中华人民共和国网络安全法》的实施,国家对网络安全合规性要求越来越严格.现有的基于特征匹配、静态的安全防御体系在安全新形势下正在逐渐失效.为检验医院网络安全防护能力,以查促改,北京协和医院对医院网站群进行了一次渗透测试,同时部署了网络全流量安全分析系统监控网络异常数据包.本文对此次演练过程中采用的暴力破解、SQL注入、文件包含、跨站脚本攻击、命令执行漏洞等技术手段进行了深入地分析.通过此次演练,有效地提升了各方面的安全处置能力.

捕食性昆虫如捕食性甲虫和捕食性蝽类是许多农林害虫的重要天敌昆虫,在生物防治中发挥着重要的作用.批量化生产高质量的自然天敌是实现生物防治的重要支撑技术之一,捕食性昆虫的替代饲料和人工饲料近几年已进行了广泛研究.本文总结了国内外替代性饲料和人工饲料对捕食性天敌甲虫及蝽的主要生命参数的影响.

运用网状Meta分析的方法比较中药注射剂治疗心力衰竭的疗效.2017年7月计算机检索CNKI,万方,SinoMed,PubMed,Cochrane Library及EMbase数据库,纳入2种中药注射剂对比治疗心衰的随机对照试验(RCT).按预先制定的纳入与排除标准,2名研究者独自进行文献筛选和资料提取,并对纳入RCTs进行质量评价,并将结果交叉核对.采用Win Bugs软件进行数据分析,采用STATA软件进行作图.最终纳入13个RCT,涉及5种中药注射剂,共计1 538例患者.质量评价显示2个研究采用了恰当的随机分组方法,1个研究采用了双盲法,没有研究提及分配隐藏方案.网状Meta分析结果显示,在临床综合疗效方面,参麦注射液疗效更为显著,其次为参附注射液;在提高患者射血分数方面,参附注射液疗效更为显著,其次为参麦注射液.综合来看,参附注射液和参麦注射液在心衰的治疗方面体现出一定的优势,由于纳入研究数目及样本量较小,证据的强度需更多研究进一步验证.建议今后的研究开展更加重视方法学质量的提高,增加随访时间,加强对心血管终点指标的观察.

成立RCA小组,对两起给药错误事件展开根本原因分析,梳理流程,针对性提出改进方案.两起不良事件发生均有多种影响因素,包括医生、护士、药剂师及电脑程序缺陷等.其中,电脑程序缺陷是根本原因,通过改进,完善了软件程序,避免了类似事件的再发生.认为RCA是分析不良事件,提高医疗安全水平的有效工具.

目的:研制多功能悬浮型药用植物种衣剂,提高中药材种子种苗质量.方法:在前期研究的基础上分别对润湿分散剂、增稠剂和成膜剂等助剂进行筛选及优化,在测定所研制种衣剂性能的同时测定了其对黄芪、甘草和桔梗种子发芽和田间出苗的影响以及对病虫害的防治效果.结果:以一定质量分数的杀虫剂、杀菌剂、营养成分和生长调节剂为有效成分,3%的NNO及1%的CMN为润湿分散剂,1%的海藻酸钠及1%的阿拉伯胶为增稠剂剂, 3%的PVA-1799及1%的CMC为成膜剂通过湿法研磨制得种衣剂,种衣剂在一定包衣比下对药材种子的发芽率、田间出苗率和幼苗的生长有明显促进作用,并显著增强了植株对田间病虫害的抗性.结论:研制的悬浮种衣剂性状合格,具有良好的市场应用前景.

With the cultivation of Bt cotton,the produced insecticidal Cry proteins are ingested by herbivores and potentially transferred along the food chain to natural enemies,such as predators.In laboratory experiments with Bollgard Ⅱ cotton,concentrations of Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab were measured in Lepidoptera larvae (Spodoptera littoralis,Heliothis virescens),plant bugs (Euschistus heros),aphids (Aphis gossypii),whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci),thrips (Thrips tabaci,Frankliniella occidentalis),and spider mites (Tetranychus urticae).Tritrophic experiments were conducted with caterpillars of S.littoralis as prey and larvae of ladybird beetles (Harmonia axyridis,Adalia bipunctata) and lacewings (Chrysoperla carnea) as predators.Immunological measurements (ELISA) indicated that herbivores feeding on Bt cotton contained 5％-50％ of the Bt protein concentrations in leaves except whiteflies and aphids,which contained no or only traces of Bt protein,and spider mites,which contained 7 times more Cry1Ac than leaves.Similarly,predators contained 1％-30％ of the Cry protein concentration in prey.For the nontarget risk assessment,this indicates that Bt protein concentrations decrease considerably from one trophic level to the next in the food web,except for spider mites that contain Bt protein concentrations higher than those measured in the leaves.Exposure of phloem sucking hemipterans is negligible.

目的 鉴于国内研究者熟悉的贝叶斯统计软件WinBUGS已停止更新,OpenBUGS已见介绍,本文介绍国外新近出现的贝叶斯统计软件Stan的基本原理与实际使用.方法 由于Stan安装具有其自身特点且较为复杂,本文首先介绍Windows平台下Stan安装与使用方法,接着介绍Stan语言及运行步骤,最后以线性-正态层次模型为例介绍Stan的应用.结果 Stan作为一种新型贝叶斯统计软件,使用了全新的汉密尔顿蒙托卡罗(Hamiltonian Monte Carlo,HMC)抽样方法,可以处理GIBBS抽样难以收敛的复杂多元层次模型.Stan使用的概率模型定义语言,相比较BUGS,逻辑清晰,程序更易理解.结论 Stan功能强大,应用方便,是贝叶斯分析的有力工具.

目的 利用网状Meta分析评估不同通气方法对新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(NRDS)死亡率和并发症发生率的相对安全性.方法 检索1986年1月至2018年6月在PubMed、Cochrane、Web of Science、EBSCO和Springer Link数据库收录的关于平均孕周＜32周且符合NRDS诊断标准的早产儿肺通气策略的临床随机对照试验.采用Revman 5.3基于Cochrane文献质量评价工具进行纳入研究的质量评价,采用WinBUGS 1.4.3、STATA 13.0软件对纳入的文献数据进行基于贝叶斯和频率学方法对提取的数据进行网状Meta分析,评价不同通气策略对早产的NRDS患儿死亡率和相关并发症,如脑室出血(IVH)、动脉导管未闭(PDA)和视网膜病变(ROP)的安全性.计数资料选取OR及95％CI表示.结果 本研究共纳入了31项随机对照试验,其中包括了5 827名早产儿和11种通气策略.针对早产儿死亡率、PDA和ROP,11种通气策略相比,差异无统计学意义.共有28项研究报告了IVH结果,与经鼻间歇性正压通气(NIPPV)相比,高频震荡通气(HFOV) (OR=3.33,95％CI:1.08～16.67,P＜0.05)和同步间歇性机械通气(SIMV) (OR=8.22,95％CI:1.25～ 29.44,P＜0.05)可能会增加NRDS患儿发生IVH的风险.在累积概率排序中,NIPPV是最佳通气策略;聚类排序结果显示,在综合考虑了IVH、PDA和ROP与死亡率的排序之后,NIPPV可能是治疗NRDS患儿的最佳通气策略,而HFOV、IMV和SIMV可能是安全性差的通气策略.结论 临床决策者在采用机械通气治疗NRDS患儿时,建议首选NIPPV,以降低IVH发生率,改善死亡、PDA和ROP的发生,不建议对孕周＜32周的NRDS患儿应用HFOV、SIMV和IMV,上述结论亟待更大样本量的多中心RCT研究予以明确证实.

Chemosensory proteins (CSPs) are soluble carrier proteins typically characterized by a six-helix bundle structure joined by two disulfide bridges and a conserved Cys spacing pattern (C1-X6-8-C2-X16-21-C3-X2-C4).CSPs are functionally diverse with reported roles in chemosensation,immunity,development,and resistance.To expand our molecular understanding of CSP function in plant bugs,we used recently developed transcriptomic resources for Lygus lineolaris andLygus hesperus to identify 17 and 14 CSP-like sequences,respectively.The Lygus CSPs are orthologous and share significant sequence identity with previously annotated CSPs.Three of the CSPs are predicted to deviate from the typical CSP structure with either five or seven helical segments rather than six.The seven helix CSP is further differentiated by an atypical C3-X3-C4 Cys spacing motif.Reverse transcriptase PCR-based profiling of CSP transcript abundance in adult L.lineolaris tissues revealed broad expression for most of the CSPs with antenna specific expression limited to a subset of the CSPs.Comparative sequence analyses and homology modeling suggest that variations in the amino acids that comprise the Lygus CSP binding pockets affect the size and nature of the ligands accommodated.