Establishing how lineages with similar traits are phylogenetically related remains critical for un-derstanding the origin of biodiversity on Earth.Floral traits in plants are widely used to explore phylogenetic relationships and to delin-eate taxonomic groups.The subtribe Swertiinae(Gentianaceae)comprises more than 350 species with high floral diversity ranging from rotate to tubular corollas and possessing diverse nec-taries.Here we performed phylogenetic analysis of 60 species from all 15 genera of the subtribe Swertiinae sensu Ho and Liu,representing the range of floral diversity,using data from the nu-clear and plastid genomes.Extensive topological conflicts were present between the nuclear and plastome trees.Three of the 15 genera repre-sented by multiple species are polyphyletic in both trees.Key floral traits including corolla type,absence or presence of lobe scales,nectary type,nectary position,and stigma type are randomly distributed in the nuclear and plastome trees without phylogenetic correlation.We also re-vealed the likely ancient hybrid origin of one large clade comprising 10 genera with diverse floral traits.These results highlight the complex evo-lutionary history of this subtribe.The phylogenies constructed here provide a basic framework for further exploring the ecological and genetic mechanisms underlying both species diversifi-cation and floral diversity.

物种多样性对生态系统功能的作用是生物多样性研究的核心领域之一,生物量水平是生态系统功能的重要表现形式,而植物群落的生物量则是生态系统生物量的基础,因此研究植物群落物种多样性与生物量的关系,对于阐明植物多样性对生态系统功能的作用具有重要意义.通过对青海省高寒灌丛生物量、灌丛物种多样性特征以及与生物量的关系调查,得到以下结果:(1)被调查灌木植被群落的40个样地中共出现了207种植物(其中灌木植物18种,草本植物189种),隶属于130属,43科,灌木以蔷薇科、杜鹃花科为主,而草本以菊科、龙胆科、毛茛科和莎草科占优势.(2)群落多样性指数偏低,植物群落结构简单,物种组成稀少.小叶金露梅群落的多样性指数最大,金露梅群落、细枝绣线菊群落和鲜卑花群落次之,百里香杜鹃+头花杜鹃群落最低.(3)不同高寒灌丛类型生物量介于1893.03-7585.41 g/m2之间,平均值为3775.9g/m2,其中灌木生物量占灌丛总生物量的73.55％,草本为26.45％.(4)总生物量随草本物种多样性和群落物种多样性的增加而减小;草本生物量随其物种多样性的增加而减小,而灌木物种多样性与其生物量并无显著相关性.

本实验采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体-发射光谱法(ICP-OES)测定了中国仅有的龙胆科花锚属的两个种花锚和椭圆叶花锚中21种矿物元素含量.实验中各元素相关系数r≥ 0.9990,线性关系良好,加标回收率在86％～106％之间,RSD≤4.35％,具有较好的准确度和精确度.结果表明,花锚和椭圆叶花锚均含有丰富的矿物元素,尤以Ca、Mg、Fe含量最高.椭圆叶花锚中Ca、Mg含量较高,其Ca含量是花锚的1.6倍;Be、Cd、Co、Li、Mo、Pb、Sb、T18种元素在二者中含量基本相同;其余11种元素在椭圆叶花锚中含量较低.结合标本采集地的土壤背景值,推测植物中元素含量与其所处生境有关.通过对两种花锚植物资源元素含量的比较分析,可为其深入研究与开发利用提供一定的参考.

该文报道了蓼科(Polygonaceae)、龙胆科(Gentianaceae)、禾本科(Gramineae)、莎草科(Cyperaceae)、百合科(Liliaceae)、兰科(Orchidaceae)共10种植物在我国4个省区的新分布记录.其中:内蒙古分布的新记录有刺蓼[Polygonum senticosum(Meisner)Franchet&Savatier]、五叶黄精(Polygonatum acuminatifolium Komarov)、丛生龙胆[Gentiana thunbergii(G.Don)Grisebach];西藏分布的新记录有冰草[Agropyron cristatum(Linnaeus)Gaertner]、沙芦草(Agropyron mongolicum Keng);陕西分布的新记录有顶冰花(Gagea chinensis Y.Z.Zhao&L.Q.Zhao)、弓喙薹草(Carex capricornis Meinshausen ex Maximowicz)、灰脉薹草[Carex appendicula-ta(Trautvetter)Kükenthal]和细毛火烧兰(Epipactis papillosa Franch&Savatier);山西分布的新记录有和林薹草(Carex helingeeriensis L.Q.Zhao&J.Yang).相关的凭证标本存放于内蒙古大学植物标本馆(HIMC)中.

獐牙菜亚族(subtribe Swertiinae)是龙胆科(Gentianaceae)中分类处理较困难的一个亚族.为探讨该亚族各属之间和属内的系统关系,选取了该亚族86种及变种,采用ML和BI方法对样本的叶绿体基因matK和rb?cL片段进行分析,构建了该亚族的系统发育树,用马尔科夫蒙特卡洛算法(MCMC)的分子序列贝叶斯分析推算了该亚族的关键演化时间点.结果显示:①龙胆亚族和獐牙菜亚族各自为单系,且互为姐妹类群;②獐牙菜属、假龙胆属、肋柱花属和喉毛花属均不是单系群,各属的种在系统发育树上互有交叉,特别是獐牙菜属的多个种分别聚到不同的支上,与其它属是并系关系;③獐牙菜亚族49个种在约4 Ma开始形成;④分子数据支持何廷农分类系统对于獐牙菜亚属和多枝亚属的属间划分,部分支持多枝亚属下多枝组和宽丝组的划分;⑤异型花属、獐牙菜属、假龙胆属、喉毛花和肋柱花属的属间分类以及獐牙菜属肉根亚属密花组的系统位置仍需进一步讨论.

目的:藏药"蒂达"和蒙药"地格达"同宗同源,是一类治疗肝胆疾病的常用藏蒙药品种的总称,对其进行品种、基原的梳理,以期阐明各自的品种传承与基原嬗进.方法:查阅藏蒙药经典文献并进行药用植物基原调查.结果:藏药"蒂达"和蒙药"地格达"原植物涉及龙胆科Gentianaceae獐牙菜属Swertia、肋柱花属Lomatogonium、花锚属Halenia扁蕾属Gentianopsis、喉毛花属Comastoma、假龙胆属Gentianella、龙胆属Gentiana、百金花属Centaurium,虎耳草科Saxifragaceae虎耳草属Saxifraga、梅花草属Parnassia,堇菜科Violaceae堇菜属Viola,豆科Leguminosae米口袋属Gueldenstaedtia,罂粟科Papaveraceae紫堇属Corydalis,石竹科Caryophyllaceae卷耳属Cerastium,唇形科Labiatae薄荷属Mentha,菊科Compositae异型菊属Leibnitzia,以及十字花科Brassicaceae糖芥属Erysimum等9科17属101种8变种植物.结论:藏药"蒂达"和蒙药"地格达"各品种以及基原植物科属种虽然繁杂,但各自品种传承有序,基原嬗进关系明确,所用的各品种与藏蒙药经典记载、不同藏蒙地域药用植物分布以及临床用药经验等密切相关.

Gene duplication plays an important role in plants for diversification and adaptation to new habitats.In this study,we aim to reconstruct the genome-scale phylogeny and identify large-scale gene duplication events for the subtribe Gentianinae (Gentianaceae),which is a great symbol of the alpine plants in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.We sequenced and assembled 70 transcriptomes from 67 species,representing all six recognized genera in the subtribe Gentianinae plus the closely related outgroups.Using phylogenomic approaches,the backbone relationships of Gentianinae were almost fully resolved with high bootstrap support.Although instances of conflicts were observed between nuclear and plastid phylogenies,six major clades of Gentianinae were consistently recovered in both phylogenies.In addition,we revealed a high occurrence of duplicated genes in our transcriptome assemblies.Using several gene tree reconciliation methods,we collectively identified 1O nodes in the species tree with large concentrations of duplicated genes.Further analysis indicated that many of these duplicated genes likely arose from hybrid polyploidy,which might also account for some of the topological incongruences between nuclear and plastid phylogenies in Gentianinae.

Delimiting species requires multiple sources of evidence.Here,we delimited two varieties of Halenia elliptica(Gentianaceae)using several lines of evidence,including morphological traits and mating system in a sympatric population,phylogenetic relationships based on nrITS and cpDNA(rpl16)data,and complete chloroplast genome sequences.Comparative analysis of 21 morphological traits clearly sepa-rates the two varieties of H.elliptica.Examination of the flowering process and pollination treatments indicate that H.elliptica var.grandiflora produces seeds via outcrossing,whereas H.elliptica var.elliptica produces seeds via mixed mating.Furthermore,hand-pollinated hybridization of the two varieties produced no seeds.Observations of pollinators showed that when bees began a pollination bout on H.elliptica var.grandiflora they preferred to continue pollinating this variety;however,when they began a pollination bout on H.elliptica var.elliptica,they showed no preference for either variety.Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the monophyly of H.elliptica,which was further divided into two monophyletic clades corresponding to the two varieties.A large number of variants from the chloroplast genomes reflected remarkable genetic dissimilarities between the two varieties of H.elliptica.We recommend that the two varieties of H.elliptica should be revised as two species(H.elliptica and H.grandiflora).Our findings indicate that H.elliptica varieties may have split into two separate species due to a shift in mating system,changes in flowering phenology and/or post-pollination reproductive isolation.

异型花是青藏高原特有的一年生草本植物.为了更好地利用和保护这一重要的植物资源,本研究开发了异型花的多态性微卫星标记.首先,基于限制性位点相关DNA测序(RAD-seq)技术,开发了异型花14个多态性微卫星位点和2个单态性微卫星位点的引物;随后,对异型花的3个自然居群的57个个体的14个位点进行了分析.结果显示:14个位点观察到的等位基因数为4～7个,平均为5.071个;期望杂合度范围为0.003～0.312(平均值为0.194),而观测杂合度范围为0～0.281(平均值为0.047).其中,仅有3对引物在龙胆科的椭圆叶花锚中具有通用性.本研究开发的多态标记对研究异型花种群结构和遗传多样性具有重要意义.

本文报道了广东龙胆科(Gentianaceae)一新记录种,即铺地穿心草[Canscora diffusa(Vahl)R.Br.ex Roem.&Schult.].基于野外调查、标本查阅及文献研究,本文提供了详细的形态特征描述、地理分布及彩色图片,并讨论其药用价值.凭证标本保存在中国科学院华南植物园标本馆及广东药科大学中药资源学院标本室.