坏死性小肠结肠炎(necrotizing enterocolitis，NEC)是新生儿最具破坏性的肠道炎症性疾病之一，目前其发病率及病死率居高不下。本文总结近年来关于NEC诊治方面的研究进展，提出单一或多组学研究可能有助于NEC的预测与早期诊断，肠道超声在提高NEC的诊断准确性方面显示出新希望；强调要重视NEC小肠造瘘术后的营养支持；羊水干细胞(amniotic fluid-derived stem cells，AFSCs)治疗有望成为预防新生儿NEC的新策略。

特应性皮炎（AD）是一种高度异质性皮肤病，以往在年龄、严重度、炎症模式等方面的分型较为成熟，而对不同部位皮损特征的关注较少。最近发现不同部位AD对度普利尤单抗治疗的应答存在差异，表明不同部位皮损可能具有不同的炎症模式。因此本文提出AD部位异质性的概念，结合生理条件下不同部位皮肤的细胞生物学和微生态特点，分析不同部位AD临床表现、多组学研究及治疗应答的特征，探讨AD的发病机制，为AD个体化治疗提供依据。

先天性巨结肠(Hirschsprung's disease，HSCR)是由环境、遗传等多因素导致的疾病，手术是其主要治疗手段，其基本病理改变为不同长度的远端肠管神经节缺如。目前已有大量关于HSCR在基因组学、转录组学、蛋白质组学等方面的研究报道，多组学在HSCR的筛查、诊断以及发病机制探索中发挥了重要作用。本文就多组学技术在HSCR中的应用与研究进展进行综述。

How to feed 10 billion human populations is one of the challenges that need to be addressed in the following decades,especially under an unpredicted climate change.Crop breeding,initiating from the phenotype-based selection by local farmers and developing into current biotechnology-based breeding,has played a critical role in securing the global food supply.However,regarding the changing environment and ever-increasing human population,can we breed outstanding crop varieties fast enough to achieve high productivity,good quality,and widespread adaptability?This review outlines the recent achievements in understanding cereal crop breeding,including the current knowledge about crop agronomic traits,newly developed techniques,crop big biological data research,and the possibility of integrating them for intelligence-driven breeding by design,which ushers in a new era of crop breeding practice and shapes the novel architecture of future crops.This review focuses on the major cereal crops,including rice,maize,and wheat,to explain how intelligence-driven breeding by design is becoming a reality.

The spike architecture of wheat plays a crucial role in determining grain number,making it a key trait for optimization in wheat breeding programs.In this study,we used a multi-omic approach to analyze the transcriptome and epigenome profiles of the young spike at eight developmental stages,revealing co-ordinated changes in chromatin accessibility and H3K27me3 abundance during the flowering transition.We constructed a core transcriptional regulatory network(TRN)that drives wheat spike formation and experimentally validated a multi-layer regulatory module involving TaSPL15,TaAGLG1,and TaFUL2.By integrating the TRN with genome-wide association studies,we identified 227 transcription factors,including 42 with known functions and 185 with unknown functions.Further investigation of 61 novel transcription factors using multiple homozygous mutant lines revealed 36 transcription factors that regulate spike architecture or flowering time,such as TaMYC2-A1,TaMYB30-A1,and TaWRKY37-A1.Of particular interest,TaMYB30-A1,downstream of and repressed by WFZP,was found to regulate fertile spikelet number.Notably,the excellent haplotype of TaMYB30-A1,which contains a C allele at the WFZP binding site,was enriched during wheat breeding improvement in China,leading to improved agronomic traits.Finally,we constructed a free and open access Wheat Spike Multi-Omic Database(http://39.98.48.156:8800/#/).Our study identifies novel and high-confidence regulators and offers an effective strategy for dissecting the genetic basis of wheat spike development,with practical value for wheat breeding.

全基因组选择(GS)育种是根据训练群体全基因组上的分子标记基因型和表型之间的关联构建遗传模型,进而对基因型已知的待选群体进行育种值估计或表型预测,以实现对育种群体高效和精确的选择.相比于常用的分子标记辅助选择育种,GS育种无需进行标记显著性测验,特别适用于微效多基因控制的数量性状,可以缩短育种周期,降低育种成本,现已成为动、植物育种领域的一项前沿技术.然而,对受环境影响较大的作物产量等数量性状而言,仍面临着基因组预测准确性难以提升的瓶颈问题.本文首先分析了影响作物GS功效的主要因素,继而从非加性效应模型、群体构建方案、多性状与多环境预测、多组学预测和育种芯片技术现状等方面阐述了GS技术在作物育种中的研究进展,并指出研究所面临的问题和发展前景,为推动作物GS育种技术的进一步深入研究提供策略和思路.

Neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration are key processes that mediate the development and progression of neurological diseases.However,the mechanisms modulating these processes in different diseases remain incompletely understood.Advances in single cell based multi-omic analyses have helped to identify distinct molecular signatures such as Lgals3 that is associated with neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the central nervous system(CNS).Lgals3 encodes galectin-3(Gal3),a β-galactoside and glycan binding glycoprotein that is frequently upregulated by reactive microglia/macrophages in the CNS during various neurological diseases.While Gal3 has previously been associated with non-CNS inflammatory and fibrotic diseases,recent studies highlight Gal3 as a prominent regulator of inflammation and neuroaxonal damage in the CNS during diseases such as multiple sclerosis,Alzheimer's disease,and Parkinson's disease.In this review,we summarize the pleiotropic functions of Gal3 and discuss evidence that demonstrates its detrimental role in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration during different neurological diseases.We also consider the challenges of translating preclinical observations into targeting Gal3 in the human CNS.

健康寿命的调控机制逐渐成为衰老研究领域内最前沿的方向之一.近年来,一些新思路、新方法的出现为健康寿命调控机制研究注入了新的活力.比如,利用异种共生的方法阐明了循环系统如何影响衰老进程,为干预衰老提供了新思路;单细胞测序分析技术使科学家们能够从单细胞水平上解析组织器官、机体的衰老进程中基因表达的时空变化规律;多组学生物信息学分析技术助力了在长寿人群中发现与健康长寿相关的遗传元件、环境因素.这些新技术的运用为衰老研究带来了新的机遇.

医学大数据、转化医学、精准医学时代为慢性复杂疾病及其病因的研究带来新的契机.如何实现循证医学、科学转化、合理精准是我们目前面临的任务和挑战.系统流行病学是一种进行疾病危险因素风险识别的流行病学方法,是流行病学的新领域,其利用系统生物学、流行病学、计算数学等技术将健康大数据与系统生物学结合起来,在分子、细胞、组织、人群社会行为和生态环境等多水平、多组学上深入研究疾病发生风险的统计学模型,并对未来风险状况进行计算模拟和预警预测.由于数据来源的多样性、复杂性以及大数据的特征,为系统流行病学的设计方法和分析方法提出了新的挑战.本文详细介绍了系统流行病学的理论基础、概念、研究目的、研究内容、研究意义、研究设计、分析方法及其在公共卫生领域的应用.

Combination therapy with multi-drug regimen as an integrated intervention of several pharmacological compounds that interact with multiple targets, rather than monotherapy using a single compound that targets at a single molecule, is a common strategy for combating complex disease in both Western and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)[1-3]. But each is based on different mechanistic principles.