代孕关系是一种互为目的的交换关系,代孕需要伦理提供正当性的辩护和道德支撑.我国虽为禁止代孕的国家,但代孕亲子关系的法律适用困境仍难以破解,其中包括代孕儿童的人格尊严、道德地位以及成长的现实需要等问题直接导致代孕儿童被置于"商品化、无国籍和无父母"的风险之中.联合国《儿童权利公约》已为各国在代孕亲子关系认定问题上,提供了一个共同的伦理原则和法律框架,儿童最佳利益原则不仅为国际合作凝聚共识,还可以作为对代孕儿童进行伦理关怀,以及代孕亲子关系法律适用的基本道德原则.

围绕现代生物医学技术所产生的"自主性"和"脆弱性"的伦理争议提示我们,其中存在着有待解决的"祛弱"问题.祛弱权在平等关照他人脆弱性的前提下,尊重个体的合理祛弱需求,以"个体祛弱"和"社会祛弱"为目的对技术的价值合理性提出道德要求.以代孕为例,在个体祛弱层面,医学目的的妊娠型代孕能够得到一定程度的道德和伦理支持.在社会祛弱层面,不管是商业性代孕还是利他性代孕,都缺乏必要且充分的现实条件,禁止商业性代孕、谨慎对待(医学目的的妊娠型)利他性代孕以维护弱者的尊严,这是代孕的价值合理性的根本体现.

Biodiversity is declining at an unprecedented rate.Many grassland species have been lost and are now of con-servation concern.Identifying efficient biodiversity indicators is a key pillar of the global conservation strategy.Mongolian Lark(Melanocorypha mongolica)is a charismatic bird species abound in Mongolian steppes,and recent studies demonstrated that this species share similar habitat requirements and likely co-occur with other grassland birds.We tested the hypothesis that Mongolian Lark would make a suitable indicator for different aspects of avian biodiversity.We made a large-scale bird survey in Inner Mongolia,and classified point counts into three groups based on different taxonomic,functional,and phylogenetic biodiversity measures.We identified species in-dicators of each group using the indicator value(IndVal)analysis,and examined the bird compositional difference among groups.Linear models were used for studying the patterns of occurrence of Mongolian Lark in relation to various biodiversity measures.Mongolian Lark showed the highest indicator value in comparison with other potential species indicators.Bird species richness is significantly higher at sites with Mongolian Lark,and its occurrence was negatively correlated with species abundance,functional richness,Rao's quadratic entropy and phylogenetic diversity.Mongolian Lark is therefore a suitable indicator species for avian biodiversity in Mon-golian steppes.It is highly distinctive in flight and usually seen singly.The widespread distribution and charis-matic appearance make it easy to monitor and adequate for citizen science,and may provide useful information on the paradigm of surrogacy in conservation ecology.

代孕技术作为一项辅助生殖技术使代孕行为成为可能.这一行为在满足委托代孕者利益的同时,也存在加剧子宫工具化的风险.在道德哲学领域中关于代孕合理性问题的探讨,存在两种截然相反的态度:代孕开放派强调尊重人类生育自主权,代孕保守派则强调对价值客观性的尊重,禁止任何形式的代孕.生命技术的迅猛发展使生命的自然诞生与自主选择间的界限愈加模糊,面对这一现实,二者无法平衡自主权与价值客观性之间的关系,使代孕行为合理性问题陷入争论.德沃金的人类尊严原则在强调个人具有自主权的同时,也为个人权利设立了道德边界,实现了自主与自尊的统一.因此,德沃金的人类尊严原则能够为有限开放代孕,尤其为利他性代孕提供有利的理论支持.

目的 代孕问题牵涉到诸多特殊人群的利益,在法律层面如何加以规制需要全方位和谨慎的思考.世界范围内的代孕问题法律规制模式包括私法自治型、政府管制型与完全禁止型,但无论哪种模式都考虑到孩子利益的最大化.本文提倡有限度的放开代孕,这可以满足特殊人群的需要,也不会扰乱伦理秩序,并且可以减缓代孕黑市的乱象.

代孕( surrogacy )是指:委托夫妇在具备临床指征的前提下,授权代理孕母完成与委托夫妇胚胎的妊娠及分娩过程. 根据代理孕母与胚胎之间是否存在遗传联系,代孕可分为完全代孕和部分代孕;依据代孕双方是否涉及经济补偿或商业利益,可以分为商业化代孕和利他性的非商业化代孕.

无锡冷冻胚胎权属纠纷案引起全国的广泛关注,老人是否可以通过代孕完成血缘延续,引发了广泛讨论.代孕协议属于民事合同,该协议的权利基础在于代孕人的一般人格权.代孕协议符合意思自治、公序良俗,不违反法律强制性规定,应为有效.代孕人的义务有代为怀孕分娩并返还婴儿给委托夫妻、适当的注意义务.代孕人的权利有获得报酬的权利、风险发生的损害赔偿请求权.代孕人的违约责任不宜过重.通过合同的代孕治理包括代孕协议当事人资格受限、代孕协议需要备案.

完全代孕作为代替他人进行分娩的互助行为,具有伦理上的正当性与合理性,给予不孕方人文关怀与平等尊重.作为一种医疗行为建立在双方知情同意基础上进行的合理代孕,其行为主体不论是委托夫妻还是代孕女性都具有其伦理正当性并应给予相关法律的保障;尽管反对代孕者多只是强调代孕所带来的伦理后果与利益纠纷,但更应有效规制合理的代孕行为,规避其伦理风险与利益纠葛,保障"完全代孕"的合法化制度环境,在我国以家庭伦理为本位的语境之下重视不孕者生儿育女的需求,从而有效规约完全代孕行为所带来的伦理及其社会问题.

目的 更好地理解代孕技术,使代孕能够作为人类辅助生殖技术之一在中国社会被更有序、合规、合法地使用.方法 通过文献检索等方法,分析代孕行为各个阶段可能存在的风险.结果 我国明确禁止代孕,但是代孕现象客观存在,代孕风险存在于代孕行为整个过程,不同的阶段存在的风险各异,缺乏完善的法律保障各方的权益.结论 为避免伦理和法律纷争而消极地禁止代孕难见成效,代孕暗箱操作屡禁不止,唯有制定法律,积极地应对代孕问题,规范代孕伦理原则、准入条件、违法惩处等,从根本上应对可能的风险,从而有效保障代孕各方权益.因此,关于代孕立法规范的出台刻不容缓.

This review presents an update of Mayer-Rokitansky-K(us)ter-Hauser(MRKH)syndrome on its etiologic,clinical,diagnostic,psychological,therapeutic,and reproductive aspects.The etiology of MRKH syndrome remains unclear due to its intrinsic heterogeneity.Nongenetic and genetic causes that may interact during the embryonic development have been proposed with no definitive etiopathogenesis identified.The proportion of concomitant extragenital malformations varies in different studies,and the discrepancies may be explained by ethnic differences.In addition to physical examination and pelvic ultrasound,the performance of pelvic magnetic resonance imaging is crucial in detecting the presence of rudimentary uterine endometrium.MRKH syndrome has long-lasting psychological effects on patients,resulting in low esteem,poor coping strategies,depression,and anxiety symptoms.Providing psychological counseling and peer support to diagnosed patients is recommended.Proper and timely psychological intervention could significantly improve a patient's outcome.Various nonsurgical and surgical methods have been suggested for treatment of MRKH syndrome.Due to the high success rate and minimal risk of complications,vaginal dilation has been proven to be the first-line therapy.Vaginoplasty is the second-line option for patients experiencing dilation failure.Uterine transplantation and gestational surrogacy are options for women with MRKH syndrome to achieve biological motherhood.